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cardiac stem cells: results and future applications

stem cells, highly undifferentiated, can be isolated from the hearts of patients. Through complex procedures, these same cells can be transformed into specific cells of the heart muscle, and can then replace damaged areas of the body as for example following stroke.


The disorders of the heart muscle and circulatory system are now the leading cause of death in industrialized countries . In particular, ischemic heart disease and stroke contribute approximately one quarter of all deaths that occur annually.
In Europe more than 1 million people die each year from heart attack.


STEM CELLS The stem cell is a highly undifferentiated cells, with distinct replicative capacity, the potential to differentiate into any cell type. This is called pluripotent cell .
the earliest stages of embryonic development of mammals, all cells are virtually identical. In fact, each cell forming the embryo can develop into any cell line, typical of a tissue and then forming the body of the apparatus in its entirety.
Spend the early stages of embryogenesis, however, the cells specialize , going only to express specific molecules on the membrane. This process of functional differentiation directs the cells to a particular tissue and organ.

This process of development in mammals is one way. Under normal conditions, in fact, it never occurs that a specialized cell can de-differentiate toward its precursor, the most versatile.
is now known as, within each organ there are cells, few in number, that lines represent the progenitor with the capacity of partial pluripotency.

STEM CELLS IN HEART
With regard to the most innovative approaches for the treatment of heart disease, several studies have used stem cells isolated from bone marrow. Overall, the results, although positive in terms of safety of treatment, were not satisfactory due to the difficulty of inducing one of the peculiarities of the heart cell (cardiomyocyte), namely, its ability to contract in a rhythmic way. This ultimately damages the ability of the heart to pump blood through the circulatory system of the organism.

As part of research projects funded by the European Union (EU FP7), there is a line called CardioCell dedicated specifically to the development of new therapeutic strategies to repair damaged heart tissue.
Following a heart attack in fact, some cells undergo cardiac death. These are not replaced by new muscle cells but by fibrous scar tissue. Basic research and preclinical is investing so many resources to identify safe and effective techniques that enable transplanted heart muscle cells into the damaged tissue.

In this context, a group of researchers at Imperial College London is testing a new technique to identify and isolate , straight from the heart of patients, cardiac stem cells , which are then able to differentiate into cells cardiomiocitiche.

The salient features of real English are three: 1) the isolated cells are truly undifferentiated stem cells that is, 2) the cells are able to activate the correct molecular mechanisms to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, and 3) test of their basic stem cell is given that it does not produce the cardiac myosin, a protein typical of heart muscle cells become differentiated.

The technique, originally developed in mice, was first transferred successfully in humans. Further confirmation is required due to fact that different markers are used for identification of stem cells, the cell model of mouse to man.

The future goal is to optimize the technique to create a therapeutic procedure that involves the identification, collection and propagation in vitro of these cells for clinical application safe in case of damage to the muscle heart, which may be due to infarction.
( by Roberto Insolia - Press-Stampa.net )

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Longevity is written in the human genome

We now live an average of 80-85 years. The reason why some people are even live longer, that is living longer than average, is partly written in their genes.


L ' aging is the process of degenerative cells which, at the microscopic level, together with the entire body, at the macroscopic level, are physiologically meeting. The longevity
defines a lifespan considerably above the average. Today
individuals living in industrialized countries an average of 80-85 years. This figure contrasts with that of less developed countries where men live from 35 to 60 years.

E 'known as the general improvement of living conditions, the advancement of knowledge in medicine and biology with an understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying many diseases, and the consequent development of preventive strategies before healing, have led to both a increased life expectancy or a decrease in mortality .
It is estimated that world population will reach 8 billion by the 2025.

It is believed that the combined action of multiple environmental factors (lifestyle, physical activity, diet, lack of risk factors such as smoking and obesity) with a specific genetic predisposition may be beneficial to the aging process, both micro that macroscopic, leading in some contexts, even in cases of substantial longevity.

Variable 'HUMAN GENOME
The draft study of the human genome in 2001 has seen the achievement of an epoch-making milestone, with the drafting of a first version of its entire sequence. Technological and financial effort in laboratory has suggested, in about 10 years, to align approximately 3 billion DNA base (deoxyribonucleic acid) of Homo sapiens.

Subsequent characterization studies of this huge sequence itself little information, showed that only about a quarter of it consists of genes. Also, has emerged as the gene sequences actually expressed at the cellular level correspond to only 2-3% of the total genome.

The comparison of genomes of different individuals has even shown that they are basically identical except for a small portion, approximately 0.1% of their total length. This may seem insignificant, however, corresponds to about 3 million bases of DNA.

0.1% In this lies the genetic variability of the human species .
In its 3 million bases of DNA are present in both variants most often, then probably benign, of the genome ( polymorphisms) that any mutations (rare genetic variations), potentially responsible for hereditary diseases.

STUDY OF COMPLEX CHARACTER
polymorphisms thus represent the most common genetic variation, because frequent among individuals and therefore apparently without any detrimental effect on body cells.
A polymorphism is present approximately every 1000 bases of DNA in our genome.
These polymorphisms, over the years, have become a powerful tool for extensive analysis of molecular biology, especially in the field of understanding the genetic basis of complex diseases.

The complex traits, such as aging and longevity in relation to it, rather than the multifactorial diseases such as hypertension ol'infarto, are in fact those contexts where it is believed there may be a complex interaction between genetic factors (individual's own) and environmental (external to the individual).

Over the years, researchers have learned to exploit the presence of DNA polymorphisms within the genomes of every individual, in order to use them as indicators of specific regions of the genome , potentially related to the onset of diseases.

COMPLEXITY 'THE GENETIC BASIS OF LONGEVITY'
The use of genetic polymorphisms to study longevity in humans has been effectively applied by a group of Researchers from Boston University, with the first line in Italian Paola Sebastiani .

The study published in Science was conducted on more than 500,000 different polymorphisms of DNA, comparing the presence among 1055 people aged between 90 and 115 years (mean age 103 years) and 1267 control subjects, mean age 73.

The genetic model obtained by complex biostatistical analysis, focusing on 105 different polymorphisms, located in 77 genes responsible for multiple functions within cells.
Through the presence of these 105 markers, you can make an estimate on the expectation of life, since they are present in 77% of those over age-old suspects compared to controls.

The researchers then assessed the association of these common genetic variants with disease. Emerged then 19 different groups, each consisting of a typical pool of polymorphisms, each of which correlates with the appearance of typical age-related diseases such as dementia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease.

The authors emphasize that the model is not perfect, this confirms environmental factors independent of genetics, can play a role in longevity the human species.
(by Roberto Insolia - Press-Stampa.net)

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Identify stem cells responsible for melanoma

A small but highly specific stem cell population is responsible for melanoma, the most aggressive skin cancer.


Melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancer that can affect the body: it is the skin cancer that currently affects over 100,000 people in the world , whose incidence has increased by 15 percent over the past ten years
In Europe, melanoma shows the highest incidence rates among the inhabitants of northern countries, with complexion and light eyes. Every year in Italy, we have identified about 10-12 new cases per 100,000 population.

sunlight exposure, especially during the hottest hours of the day and often concentrated in a few weeks a year, is the most important risk factor.


PROGNOSIS The prognosis of cutaneous melanoma, the rate of growth of the tumor is closely tied to the thickness it has reached into the skin at the time of diagnosis and subsequent removal.
In recent years, the survival of this tumor is significantly improved. Through capillary

prevention campaigns and the development of more sensitive diagnostic techniques, it is possible to reach making diagnosis very early, that is when the melanoma has not yet reached the thickness of a millimeter. In these cases the prognosis is very favorable, with survival rates between 87% and 97%. At a time when the thickness of the tumor is greater than three millimeters, the survival rate can drop to 50%.

CANCER STEM CELLS
By definition, the stem cell is a highly undifferentiated cells, with distinct replicative capacity that makes it virtually immortal.

Traditionally, the pathogenic mechanism underlying the tumor development involves the accumulation of a series of random mutations in the DNA of the cell, which ultimately lead the cell itself to an uncontrolled replication.
It is believed that cancer stem cells, also called zero cell, constitutes the very origin of this process, representing the last and most malignant tumor bulwark against drug therapies.
These stem cells, although representing a small part of the pool of tumor cells have a growth rate much lower than the rest of the tumor. This allows them to circumvent the action of the majority of anticancer drugs.

Then, after the apparent eradication of the tumor and the suspension of drug therapy, cancer stem cells are able replicate, generating new cancer cells quickly. In most cases, even these new cells give rise to a tumor more aggressive than the first.

STEM CELLS IN MELANOMA
far, had not been identified stem cells within the melanoma.

A group of researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine in California published in the journal Nature the first identification of cells, classified as stem cells within the melanoma, the most aggressive skin cancer.

The molecule CD271 has in fact been used as the specific marker for the presence of stem cells in melanoma.
stem cells, CD271 positive on their membranes, are rather devoid of other molecules, used as specific targets of anticancer drugs, usually used in the treatment of melanoma.

California Researchers have demonstrated the replicative capacity of cells in tumorigenic CD271 positive sense: in fact, these stem cells are able to generate a melanoma from fragments of human skin transplanted into the experimental model in mice. In contrast, CD271 negative cells are not pout to generate any tissue tumor.

FORWARD
For a long time it was thought that aggression and resistance to drug therapy, proper to the tumors, were due to the very characteristics of malignant cells.
Today, both in melanoma and other cancers, is shedding new light on the very essence of their malignancy and invasiveness.

Within the population of tumor cells, there is a small group of stem cells, immune to many treatments certainly taken to date and able to generate new cancer cells. The discovery of these stem will focus the search for new therapies directly testing the resistance of these cells.

After the recent announcement at the World Congress of Oncology meeting in Chicago (46th Congress of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, ASCO) 's efficacy of a monoclonal antibody (ipilimumab) in activating the immune system against melanoma, overall, even in the face of new knowledge on cancer stem cells, opens new and promising scenarios for the treatment of aggressive skin cancer .
(by Roberto Insolia - Press-Stampa.net)

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Pap tests and cervical cancer: preventive screening in Italy

cancer of the uterine cervix is \u200b\u200bthe second cancer in women. The national technical group Steps (Advances in health care companies in Italy) with positive results on the national screening program, using Pap test for cervical cancer.


The cervical cancer is a malignancy that develops into the lower uterine .
The uterus is the organ of the female where it lays an egg after fertilization by sperm, and thus where the embryo develops during pregnancy. The uterus is shaped like an inverted funnel, with the top forming the body and the end of the body lower, narrower, called the neck or cervix.

EPIDEMIOLOGY
The cervical cancer is a worldwide, second malignancy in women . Although the majority of women throughout their lives show no complications following a viral infection potential to develop this cancer, in Italy it is estimated that about 3,400 new cases per year. The rate of incidence is 10 cases per 100,000 women, with approximately 1,000 deaths.
In recent years, there is evidence significant trend of decrease in the incidence of the disease that is in mortality associated with it.

ANATOMY
The cervix is \u200b\u200bthe anatomical link between the uterus and vagina. The cervix, about half of its length, may be visible with appropriate medical equipment while the rest falls above the vagina, further inland.
Two different types of epithelial cells lining the cervix: columnar cells, ciliated, single layer are at the top toward the uterus, squamous cell, flattened, arranged in layers upon a basement membrane lining the area most proximal to the vagina. The transition zone
defines the anatomical point of encounter between these two cell types. This area is inherently subject to physiologically phenomenon of metaplasia, ie, the reversible transformation from one cell to another, as a result of specific stimuli (puberty, the normal menstrual cycle, menopause).

However, the phenomenon of metaplasia can take on the characteristics of a transformation more physiological and tightly controlled: in fact, the columnar epithelium can be replaced by an epithelium, squamous metaplastic type.
Most cervical cancer develops from cells which are located in the transition zone.


AND CAUSES 'known as the greatest risk factor for the development of cervical cancer is infection Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) . Worldwide, HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in adults.
Some strains of this virus are capable of interfering with the physiological transformation in metaplastic cells of the cervix, leading to the development of a malignancy.

Some factors seem to increase the risk of developing cervical cancer: cigarette smoking, a diet low in fruits and vegetables, obesity, co-infection with chlamydia, the family history of this tumor (although at the present time there is identified genes responsible for increased risk).

VACCINE AND PAP TEST
Condom use and vaccination are the effective measures that can reduce the chances of infection, while not guaranteeing full immunity.
in Italy is currently marketing a vaccine against HPV infection . This vaccine-type protein, is effective against strains of HPV-16 and HPV-18 accounting for almost two thirds of cases of cervical cancer. The same vaccine is also effective against infection by HPV-6 and HPV-11, responsible for 90% of genital warts.

Generally the early stages of tumor development are asymptomatic and even after the symptoms can not be easily explained by the suspicion of cancer. It 'still important to pay attention to any pain during intercourse, or abnormal blood loss, such as after sexual intercourse between two menstrual periods or during menopause.

The prevention strategy absolutely treatment recommended is that of regular gynecological check .
During the visit, in fact, can be performed Pap test, a quick and painless examination that identifies the presence of pre-cancerous cells. E 'recommend that every woman, from the beginning of sexual activity and no later than age 25 and at least until age 70, undergo a Pap test every two years .

national screening program
The national screening program includes the performance of the Pap test every three years by women in the age group 25-64 years.

In 2007, women Italian included in the screening program were about 12 million (or 72% of the target population ).
Especially women older than 35 years, with a good level of education , undergo a Pap test.
The screening program is expanding even more in Italy, although there are still a lack of participation in the South and Islands .
This is revealed by the national technical group Steps (Advances in health care companies in Italy) , the health monitoring system created by the Higher Institute of Health.

appears that 75% of women between 25 and 64 years has made at least a Pap test in the last three years, as recommended by the guidelines.
important factor in choosing to do the Pap test appears to be the level of education. 72% of women with the highest level of education did the test, compared with 66% of those with lower education levels.
In parallel, the economic condition also appears to have a bearing on the decision to enter the control program. 83% of women without economic problems has performed the Pap test, compared to 65% of women with economic difficulties. Overall, it is desirable

an increasingly comprehensive information about the screening program for cervical cancer, with the fact that the Pap test represents the most effective strategy as a secondary prevention onset of this disease.
(by Roberto Insolia - Press-Stampa.net)

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Nutrition: the basics

Here we present the basic concepts of human nutrition: macronutrients and micronutrients.

The term defines the act of supply nutrition from living organisms from all substances (food) necessary for their lives. Today, with the same term is defined the science that studies the relationship between eating habits (diet) and physical state (health) of a person .

Nutrition is based on the principle that an optimal state physical reach balancing the intake of different nutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins.
These elements are to:
produce metabolic energy for vital functions (carbohydrates, fats, proteins);
provide structural components for growth and tissue repair (protein);
provide the elements needed to biochemical reactions, all ' cell interior (minerals and vitamins).

total nutrients can be divided into macronutrients (to be taken in relatively large amounts) and micronutrients (needed in small amounts).
Macronutrients include carbohydrates, fats, fiber, protein and water.
Micronutrients are the minerals and vitamins.

Amino acids are the basic units of proteins and lipids (fats) are among the main constituents of cell membranes and messenger molecules within cells.
Macronutrients have a duty to provide these basic components, ie, amino acids and fats, our cells . In turn, the same basic components can be used to generate energy within the cell.
Fats provide more than twice as much energy than carbohydrates and proteins, although the net energy at the cellular level may depend on various factors including the level of use of specific elements and the same digestive activity.

atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules form of carbohydrates and fats. Carbohydrates can take simple monosaccharide structures (such as glucose, fructose) or more complex polysaccharides such as starch. The animal fats are composed of triglycerides, three fatty acid monomers bound to a skeleton of glycerol.
E 'important in our diet there are also fat, as some of these molecules (known as essential) are not synthesized within our cells.
Amino acids, the basic components of protein molecules are composed of nitrogen atoms, as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. As with fats, there are some essential amino acids which must be made through the daily diet.
cells through biochemical processes that consume energy, are then able to convert some amino acids into glucose which in turn can be used to produce energy.

Micronutrients are the minerals and vitamins . As the name suggests are substances naturally present in low amounts in our bodies, but the lack of which can lead to serious imbalances and disease. They can not be synthesized within the organism, but since there is no food that contains them all in the right quantity, is important to have a varied diet. However, some substances are difficult to recruit through the power and therefore it is recommended that the specific integration.

In conclusion, we can say that the old adage that it is important to eat a little ' of everything in moderation, is certainly valid.
( by Roberto Insolia - Press-Stampa.net )