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Stomach cancer and infection by Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that can colonize the human gastric mucosa causing gastritis, ulcers and in some cases the onset of stomach cancer. E 'was discovered the mechanism after which H. pylori inactivates a protein whose function is suppression of tumor growth in host cells.

The stomach is a hollow muscular structure that is localized between the esophagus and intestines. Its task is to complete the demolition of the fragments of food from bite to break down the chemical bonds of molecules present in food, through the action of acids and enzymes digestive secretions from gastric glands. This
degradative action of the stomach is designed to provide absorption molecules and nutrients in the small intestine.

The inner surface of the gastric mucosa is raised in large folds following all the internal morphology of the organ.
These folds allow both the expansion of the organ during the meals that the physiological transport of liquids along the main street towards gastric intestine.

HELICOBACTER PYLORI
Helicobacter pylori bacterium is a spiral, Gram-negative, which can colonize the human gastric mucosa. More than 50% of the population worldwide is H. pylori. The infection is often asymptomatic but in 10-20% of cases it can cause gastritis and ulcers, particularly in the duodenum, the first part of the intestine. The

gastritis is a chronic inflammation of the stomach, while the ' ulcer is a lesion of the mucosa, which produces burning or intense pain, especially on an empty stomach. Sometimes ulcers can bleed and eventually cause anemia.

The long-term infection with H. pylori is associated with an increased (2-6 times) risk of developing a lymphoma MALT , a cancer of lymphoid tissue in mucous membranes, especially of developing gastric cancer .
Gastric cancer is the second most common cancer in the world , particularly in countries like China or Colombia where infection H. pylori affects more than half the child population.

man is currently the only known reservoir of infection for this bacterium, which most likely mode of transmission is oral and fecal-oral route. Another possible route of infection could be through contact with contaminated water.

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
The procedure of choice for diagnosing infection H. pylori is represented by during digestive endoscopy biopsy, the histological examination, the test of urea hydrolysis and microbial culture.
less sensitive tests are those of a serological and breath.

Once the presence of the bacterium, an attempt to eradicate the infection through the use of a triple therapy with antibiotics and specific drugs inhibiting gastric acid secretion.

As you develop stomach cancer are known
different strains of H. pylori, some of which have been completely sequenced within their genome. More 1500 genes were identified, one third of which are considered the basis of the pathogenic mechanisms of infection.

capacity H. pylori to cause disease is closely linked to a protein called CagA his . This molecule is highly virulent, is able to cause local inflammation by stimulating abnormal cell growth and division which can then lead to the onset of cancer.
A group of researchers has recently characterized the specific pathogenic mechanism mediated by the protein CagA. Target of this molecule was found to be a bacterial molecule, synthesized in the human gastric cells, whose physiological function suppression of tumor growth.

H. pylori injects CagA protein in epithelial cells lining the stomach . Here, CagA is able to interfere with their different mechanisms of gastric cells, destroying a number of important functions. Among the targets of CagA is RUNX3, a protein known to be an important tumor suppressor stomach , whose reduction is closely associated with the development of this disease. RUNX3 protein is in fact a transcription factor, can modulate the expression of genes that control growth and cell death.

For the first time was identified a domain within the amino acid sequence of CagA protein can bind a specific region of RUNX3 : as a result of this interaction, the RUNX3 protein undergoes degradation, resulting in failure of the tumor suppressor role within the cell.

This study outlined a particular mechanism for the genesis of stomach cancer induced by H. pylori. The researchers propose in the future to synthesize new molecules that can specifically inhibit the interaction between CagA and RUNX3, blocking its degradation and thus could prevent the serious complications caused by H. pylori in the stomach.
(by Roberto Insolia - Press-Stampa.net)

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melanoma: 25 years of strategies for the diagnosis

For over 25 years the diagnostic strategies for melanoma, cancer of the skin that is becoming increasingly common in the population, are constantly evolving in order to optimize the results. Early medical diagnosis based on experience, coupled with innovative approaches to digital, they represent the best strategy to reduce mortality due to melanoma.


Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer , held until a few years ago, a rare cancer but now is showing a steady increase in cases identified each year. In fact, the United States melanoma has a growth rate higher than any other cancer.
Melanoma predominantly affects subjects aged between 30 and 60 years , is much more common in people of European origin, with lighter skin.

Melanoma is a malignant tumor that originates from melanocytes , specific cells of the skin deputies to the synthesis of melanin, a substance that exerts a protective function against the sun. RECENT DISCOVERIES


recently presented the results of a study demonstrating the effectiveness of a monoclonal antibody (ipilimumab) in activating the immune system against melanoma. This can lead to a significant improvement in survival of patients in advanced stage of disease.

addition, a group of California researchers has been able to identify for the first time a small but highly specific population of undifferentiated cells, stem type, responsible for the development of melanoma.

STRATEGIES FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS
The prognosis of cutaneous melanoma, the rate of growth of the tumor is closely tied to the thickness it has reached the skin at the time of diagnosis and subsequent removal. In the USA the stage invasive melanoma is the fifth and sixth types of cancer most frequently diagnosed in men and women respectively.

Make early diagnosis for this tumor means being able to detect tumor growth, in the skin, with a thickness of less than one millimeter. The 5-year survival after diagnosis of invasive melanoma has increased 83% of cases diagnosed in the seventies up to 93% of cases identified in early 2000.
Since the primary therapeutic approach for the treatment of melanoma, that is its surgical removal, has not changed substantially from the technical point of view, it is considered that the increase in survival at 5 years is mostly due to earlier diagnosis of the disease.

Early diagnosis and precise, with a quick surgical treatment are considered the cornerstones for success in the treatment of melanoma, as is clear from the review of diagnostic approaches for this tumor to be published in the journal CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians .

Although histological examination, following a skin biopsy represents the most reliable diagnostic technique, from the beginning has tried to develop non-invasive, which is one of the few cancers that spread outside of 'body.
Before the eighties, the diagnosis of melanoma was based on the macroscopic response, and usually quite ominous in terms of prognosis, a bleeding skin lesion.
In 1985, with the intent to make earlier diagnosis, were detailed the precise morphological criteria, known by the acronym ABCD: Asymmetry, irregular Borders, Color variable diameter> 6 mm.
The validity of the ABCD criteria was tested successfully in screening programs in the general population.

In the nineties, the dermoscopy was applied in the common diagnostic practice. This technique, through the use of a set of lenses that are closer to the skin, allows up to 10 times magnification, coming on to analyze anatomical structures below the epidermis to the dermis of the papillae.
last decade, the digital approach has implemented the dermoscopic diagnosis in clinical practice. Through the use of specific software for image analysis, dermoscopy has been computerized, allowing also the comparison between different images of skin lesions, previously stored on databases.
There are also some studies on specific molecular markers (expression of messenger RNA) whose presence or absence to discriminate between melanomas and benign skin lesions.

Overall, developments in scientific and technical last 25 years has led to an increase in sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of melanoma . However, it is essential that any diagnostic tool is supported by technical knowledge and clinical experience, characteristic of the dermatologist, in order to optimize the early diagnosis of melanoma.
(by Roberto Insolia - Press-Stampa.net)

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Artificial Blood: recent advances

The ready availability of blood transfusion is one of the main problems faced by health systems worldwide. Although much has been invested to produce a artificial blood, where the results were not encouraging. Today, new and encouraging news comes from the war fronts.


Blood is a liquid fabric of nature, part of the connective tissue type. It is a deep red liquid (if rich in oxygen, when working within the arterial system) or a darker red (essentially no more oxygenated and circulating in the venous system), constituting about 7% of body weight, with a viscosity of about four times that of water. In an adult male about 5 liters of blood flow.

Blood is made up of approximately 55% by liquid part called plasma, and the remaining 45% from a corpuscular part, consisting of specific circulating cells.
Plasma , yellow, is composed of water (90%) and protein molecules.
circulating blood cells are represented by red blood cells or red blood cells, lymphocyte, neutrophil granulocytes, eosinophils and basophils, monocytes and platelets.
blood through the circulatory system reaches every organ and body system, giving oxygen and nutrients to body cells and collecting waste products resulting from cellular metabolism.

WHY 'CREATE ARTIFICIAL BLOOD? One of the biggest
limits of its natural blood is not fully compatible among different subjects, something that is due to the existence of four major blood groups in humans .
The ability to transfuse blood from one individual to another is in fact related to the presence of specific molecules on the surface of red blood cells which, if not precisely characterized and selected according to the group compatibility between donor and recipient, may lead adverse reactions, including deaths, in the receiving subject.
The artificial blood, specially created, would make no difficulty of compatibility with any blood type of the recipient. Could then be used immediately, even already in the ambulance, in emergency cases.

Today, each bag of blood is subjected to rigorous serological and molecular evidence potential infections in the donor. However, a percentage of risk is still so much that, according to some data, the incidence of false negative test for HIV is one in 40,000. It is also important to remember that there may be infection, whose etiologic agents are not yet known, and so are not searched in the blood.
The artificial blood, obtained through well controlled and sterile procedures, eliminates the risk of contracting any infection through the transfusion.

Finally, the natural blood, although kept at a controlled temperature, undergoes a decay qualities and functions at the level of cells that compose it. The artificial blood could be added with suitable substances that would make it more stable and thus usable for much longer.

ARTIFICIAL BLOOD TODAY
currently using sophisticated sampling procedures, it is possible to isolate specific components of blood, with the aim of treating them in vitro, for subsequent reinfusion for therapeutic purposes. However, while much has been invested in research with promises then refuted by the experimental results do not comforting, the complexity of tissue blood makes it difficult to present a synthesis of artificial blood that reproduces all of the phones.

Among the companies primarily involved in the synthesis of sintetitici oxygen carriers, such hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) , there are the Baxter, Biopure, the Northfield, each of them through clinical trials phase II and III failed to demonstrate how their synthetic molecules (respectively HemAssist, Hemopure, PolyHeme) were able to bind and release oxygen, so properly. However, there were always recorded side effects, including the onset of hypertension in patients transfused.

More recently, U.S. researchers announced that they have created in vitro particles with the same characteristics of red blood cells . Call red blood cells-Mimicking particles were in fact very similar to red blood cells in shape and size. These particles combine the main ability of red blood cells to bind oxygen with the ability to carry drug molecules or specific tracers of contrast, with the aim of improving the diagnostic procedures for example in the case of nuclear magnetic resonance.

new impetus in this area is now a project funded directly by the Pentagon to cure wounded soldiers in war zones .
The " blood pharming", which began in 2008 and carried out by the research group of the Pentagon, it is effectively in the complex strategy of experimental research aimed at developing effective therapies first aid, in the context of high-risk areas . One of the main problems of war scenarios is also represented by the fact that the areas of conflict are often located in inaccessible areas, which are difficult to reach.

As for the American reality, the majority of donated blood comes from the same territory of the United States. Thus, in some cases more than 20 days may pass before the blood reaches the front lines of war. The risk that blood deteriorates, losing its healing abilities, it is therefore high.

Arteriocyte The U.S. industry, with funding of $ 2 million was for the project, has managed to get the starting from the same tissue blood hematopoietic stem cells that produce physiologically . These hematopoietic cells, umbilical cord, are incubated in a machine that simulates the behavior of human bone marrow.
From a sample of cord blood can be obtained 20 blood bags at a cost of about $ 5,000 a bag.

Arteriocyte has submitted the first samples of blood 0 negative authority Control American Food and Drug Administration , in order to launch the first human testing of the product. It is believed that the adoption of this process, its validation in terms of safety and their implementation on an industrial scale could reduce costs to about $ 1,000 a bag.